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Research and application of UPLC-MS/MS method for analyzing residues of chemotherapy drug ifosfamide in wastewater samples surrounding hospitals with oncology departments performing cancer chemotherapy
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Abstract
Ifosfamide, a cancer chemotherapy drug frequently detected in numerous studies worldwide, poses potential harm to organisms and humans. However, in Vietnam, research in this area remains limited. In this study, the UPLC-MS/MS analytical method, combined with SPE extraction, was developed and validated following AOAC and EC 808/2021 guidelines to detect ifosfamide residues in the water environment and evaluate its occurrence in river water samples near hospitals with oncology departments conducting cancer chemotherapy in Can Tho City, Vietnam. The analytical procedure demonstrated high sensitivity, with a limit of quantification of 1 ng/L, accuracy ranging from 85.1 % to 106.9 %, and precision ranging from 4.7 % to 16.4 %. Analysis of 20 river water samples collected from areas near five hospitals with oncology departments in Can Tho City revealed the presence of ifosfamide in 55 % of the samples, with concentrations ranging from 1.0 to 3.8 ng/L. This is the first publication documenting the presence of ifosfamide in river water in Vietnam. The study highlights the presence of cancer chemotherapy drug pollution in the water environment, laying the groundwork for future research on the toxicity of such pollutants and strategies for mitigating exposure to cancer chemicals in Vietnam.
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Keywords
chemotherapy drugs, ifosfamide, LC-MS/MS, river water
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